These are words 201 to 225 of the top 400 words of the New Academic Word List: words that appear again and again in university texts and in the Academic IELTS Reading and Writing tasks. For each word, read the example, try to guess the meaning, then reveal it and mark honestly how you did. Then say the word aloud, record yourself and compare it with the model voice. When you have finished, try the gap quiz and save your results.
The New Academic Word List was compiled by Charles Browne, Brent Culligan and Joseph Phillips (2013) from academic texts, and its words are ranked by the authors. We teach the top 400 in rank order. How the list was made
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The words
201
utility
noun
The utility of the tool is obvious.
collocationspublic utility · the utility of · utility bills
the usefulness of something, or a service such as water or electricity
Watch out: Utilities means water, gas and electricity services.
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202
complement
noun
Lemon is a perfect complement to fish.
collocationsa perfect complement · a complement to · full complement
something that goes well with another thing and makes it complete
Watch out: Do not confuse complement with compliment, a kind comment.
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203
leaf
noun
Each leaf falls from the tree in autumn.
collocationsa green leaf · fall leaves · leaf litter
a flat green part of a plant that grows from a stem
Watch out: The plural is leaves, with a v.
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204
verbal
adjective
We had a verbal agreement.
collocationsverbal agreement · verbal reasoning · verbal communication
expressed in spoken words, or connected with words
Watch out: Verbal is about words, spoken or written. Oral is spoken only.
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205
aggregate
noun
The aggregate score decides the winner.
collocationsin aggregate · an aggregate of · aggregate data
a total made by adding several amounts together
Watch out: As a noun and adjective the stress is on the first syllable.
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206
equality
noun
The law promises equality between men and women.
collocationsgender equality · equality of opportunity · racial equality
the state of having the same rights, status or chances
Watch out: The opposite is inequality.
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207
corpus
noun
Linguists study a corpus of real texts.
collocationsa text corpus · a large corpus · a spoken corpus
a large collection of written or spoken texts stored for study
Watch out: The plural is corpora.
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208
organ
noun
The heart is a vital organ.
collocationsa vital organ · organ donor · internal organs
a part of the body with a special job, such as the heart or lungs
Watch out: Organ is also a musical instrument.
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209
gradient
noun
The road has a steep gradient.
collocationsa steep gradient · a gentle gradient · a gradient of
how steep a slope is, or a rate of change
Watch out: The first syllable sounds like grade.
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210
methodology
noun
The study explains its methodology.
collocationsresearch methodology · a sound methodology · the methodology of
the set of methods used to do research or teach a subject
Watch out: Methodology is the system of methods. Method is a single way of doing something.
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211
entity
noun
A company is a legal entity.
collocationsa legal entity · a separate entity · a single entity
a thing that exists as a separate unit
Watch out: Entity is formal for a thing with its own existence.
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212
tumour
noun
The doctor found a tumour in her lung.
collocationsa brain tumour · remove a tumour · benign tumour
a mass of cells growing in the body that should not be there
Watch out: The American spelling is tumor.
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213
fibre
noun
Oats are rich in fibre.
collocationsdietary fibre · a high-fibre diet · optical fibre
a thread-like part of a plant, animal or cloth, or the part of food that helps digestion
Watch out: The American spelling is fiber.
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214
paradigm
noun
The discovery created a new paradigm.
collocationsa paradigm shift · a new paradigm · the dominant paradigm
a typical model or a set of ideas that shapes how people think about a subject
Watch out: The g is silent: /ˈpærədaɪm/.
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215
psychology
noun
She studied psychology at university.
collocationschild psychology · study psychology · social psychology
the study of the mind and how people behave
Watch out: The p is silent: say sigh-KOL-uh-jee.
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216
infinite
adjective
The universe may be infinite.
collocationsinfinite number · infinite possibilities · seemingly infinite
having no end or limit
Watch out: The last syllable is not said like night.
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217
diverse
adjective
The city has a diverse population.
collocationsa diverse range · culturally diverse · diverse groups
including many different types
Watch out: The noun is diversity.
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218
diagnostic
adjective
A diagnostic test found the problem.
collocationsdiagnostic test · diagnostic tool · diagnostic skills
used for finding out the cause of an illness or fault
Watch out: A diagnostic test shows strengths and weaknesses.
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219
continuity
noun
The film lacks continuity.
collocationsensure continuity · lack of continuity · continuity of care
a smooth and unbroken connection from one stage to the next
Watch out: The spelling has nu in the middle: contin-u-ity.
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220
variability
noun
Rainfall variability affects farming.
collocationshigh variability · variability in · seasonal variability
how much something changes or differs
Watch out: The verb is vary.
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221
outer
adjective
The outer layer of the Earth is the crust.
collocationsouter layer · outer space · outer edge
on the outside, or far from the centre
Watch out: The opposite is inner.
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222
notation
noun
Musicians read musical notation.
collocationsmusical notation · mathematical notation · chemical notation
a system of written symbols for music, maths or science
Watch out: Notation is a set of symbols. A note is a short piece of writing.
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223
probe
noun
A probe was sent to Mars.
collocationsa space probe · send a probe · a medical probe
a tool or spacecraft that explores and sends back information
Watch out: As a verb, probe means to ask deep questions.
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224
migration
noun
The yearly migration of birds takes them south.
collocationsmass migration · the migration of · rural migration
the movement of people or animals from one place to another
Watch out: Migration is movement. Immigration is entering a new country.
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225
mathematical
adjective
This problem needs mathematical skills.
collocationsmathematical model · mathematical skills · mathematical formula
connected with maths, or done exactly
Watch out: The shorter noun in British English is maths.
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Gap quiz
Each sentence has one gap. Drag a word into the gap, or tap a word and then tap the gap. The words are the ones you have just practised, and some of them have changed shape (for example, is or made).
The practical of a smartphone depends on how many tasks it can do for its owner.
A squeeze of lemon is the perfect to fish, because the two go well together.
In autumn each turns brown and falls from the tree.
A agreement is spoken, so there is nothing written down to check later.
The score of the two matches decides which team goes through.
The law promises between men and women in work, pay and education.
Linguists study a large of real texts stored on a computer to see how words are used.
The heart is a vital of the body, because it pumps blood to all the other parts.
A steep made the road hard to cycle up, so we walked beside our bikes.
The study explained its , which described how the data were collected and checked.
A company is a legal that is separate from the people who own it.
The doctor found a small in her lung and arranged an operation.
Eating foods rich in , such as beans and oats, helps your digestion.
The discovery created a new and completely changed the way scientists think.
She studied at university to understand how people think, feel and behave.
Some scientists believe that the size of the universe is and never comes to an end.
The city has a population, with people from many countries and cultures.
A test helps doctors find out which illness a patient has.
The of the story was broken by a gap in the plot that nobody explained.
Rainfall makes farming difficult, because the amount changes so much from year to year.
The layer of the Earth is the crust, and the inner layers are much hotter.
Musicians read , a system of written symbols for notes and rhythm.
Scientists sent a space to Mars to collect pictures and data.
The yearly of birds takes them thousands of miles south for the winter.
Solving this problem needs skills, such as algebra and careful working with numbers.
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Word list: New Academic Word List 1.2 by Charles Browne, Brent Culligan and Joseph Phillips (2013), licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. The list gives the words and their order; the meanings, examples and exercises on this page are our own.